While habitual endurance exercise such as training for a marathon is quintessentially cardioprotective, running such a race paradoxically confers a transiently increased risk for cardiac arrest and sudden death. The frequency of such events increased significantly in United State [....] » Read More
Effective communication is critical in cardiology, where the stakes often involve life-altering decisions. This presentation explores the intersection of empathy and precision in communication, emphasizing the cardiologist’s role in fostering trust, understanding, and patie [....] » Read More
Sudden cardiac death (SCD)-caused by ventricular fibrillation (VF) or standstill-is one of the biggest unmet need in public health: it is unpredictable and occurs in about 1000 persons/day in US and Europe alone with very poor survival. Since survival drops by 10% for every minut [....] » Read More
Introduction: The low grade chronic inflammation (LCGI) is response to the underlying disorders, injuries, antigen and is result of the failure to acute infection, viruses, tuberculosis, protozoa, fungal and foreign material. The risk factor of LCGI are smoking, obesity, hi [....] » Read More
To show the utility and benefit of VA-ECMO support in adults as a bridge to cardiac transplantation in the sickest of the sick cardiogenic shock patient population. VA-ECMO as bridge to LVAD or HT has significantly increased last 10-years. This approach has been controversial giv [....] » Read More
Background: The leading symptom triggering the evaluation cascade in patients with suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is acute chest pain. An accurate clinical history, serial electrocardiograms (ECG) and high sensitivity Troponin assays are the cornerstones of prompt and ac [....] » Read More
Introduction: Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is an indispensable non-invasive cardiac imaging modality that is widely utilised forming a crucial part of patients’ care pathway throughout clinical practice. The rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases has resulted [....] » Read More
Objective: Literature on auditory disturbance and vasovagal syncope is sparse. Hence, our aim was to examine the auditory disturbances (ADS) during attacks of vasovagal syncope among healthy children and adolescents. Methods: In this retrospective observational hospital-based [....] » Read More
Congenital heart disease (CHD) continues to pose significant challenges in paediatric cardiology, and Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) stands out as a condition in need of improved translational models. Traditional in vitro and animal-based systems provide valuable insights but often fa [....] » Read More
Our study investigates the interplay between the microbiome and metabolome in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), focusing on the diagnostic potential of blood, gut, and oral microbiota and their metabolomic signatures. Blood, fecal, and saliva samples from AMI patients and health [....] » Read More
This presentation focuses on managing the unforeseen and unexpected complications in MI. A 43-year-old gentleman presented with an acute coronary syndrome. Patient was hemodynamically stable. Coronary angiogram was done via femoral route which revealed a double vessel disease wit [....] » Read More
Background: Probability theory and dynamical systems theory have been applied to cardiac dynamics, leading to the development of new methodologies that differentiate patients with normal medical diagnoses from those with chronic and acute conditions. Materials: A total of 120 [....] » Read More
Background: Stroke is a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, where its rising incidence is driven by the epidemiological transition and the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. Despite medical advancements, the comprehensive and specialized management of [....] » Read More
Chronic Total Occlusions (CTO) and severe coronary calcification present significant challenges in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), especially in patients with prior Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG). This case highlights a single-session PCI addressing Left Main (L [....] » Read More
Objective: The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and white blood cell to lymphocyte ratio (WLR) are potential markers of inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between PLR, WLR, and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients w [....] » Read More
Introduction: Cardiac myxoma is a rare tumor that represents only 0.25% of primary cardiac tumors and the most common in adults [1]. Nearly 75% of these tumors are located in the left atrium [2,3]. The symptoms and symptoms are disparate and depend mainly on the location of [....] » Read More
Introduction: The André FESTOC Center is a new cardiac surgery service offered by the French humanitarian association Chain of Hope. 4000 patients are waiting for heart surgery. The Festoc Center is a response to this demand for cardiac surgical care in Mali and the sub-re [....] » Read More
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious pulmonary vascular complication associated with chronic liver disease, portal hypertension, or congenital portosystemic shunts. It is characterized by a triad of liver disease, intrapulmonary vascular dilatation, and arterial hypoxemia. [....] » Read More
This presentation will focus on the critical and complex decision-making process involved in managing ventricular septal defects (VSDs) that develop after myocardial infarction (MI). Although VSDs following MI are rare, they represent a life-threatening complication with a high m [....] » Read More
Background: Cardiac amyloidosis, particularly in its transthyretin (ATTR) and light-chain (AL) subtypes, is an underdiagnosed cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Emerging research suggests the gut microbiota may influence amyloidogenesis, systemic inflammatio [....] » Read More
Objectives: This study explores the current use, perceptions, and barriers to adopting artificial intelligence (AI) in cardiology practice among healthcare professionals in Sudan. It aims to identify the specific challenges facing AI integration in resource-limited settings, with [....] » Read More
Introduction: Heart failure (HF) is a highly prevalent disease worldwide, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality, with a substantial burden on healthcare systems. Despite extensive research on HF, chloride has not been a primary investigational target in most studies [....] » Read More
Introduction: Chronic limb ischemia (CLI), the terminal manifestation of peripheral artery disease, has an estimated prevalence of 6.5 million in the United States and Japan, with an annual incidence of 2.3% per year. Patients diagnosed with CLI have a 1-year mortality rate of ap [....] » Read More
Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is primarily influenced by modifiable risk factors including smoking. Smoking Cannabis is one of the most widely used illicit substances worldwide, which is on the rise due to legalization in different parts of the world, and it ha [....] » Read More
Finerenone is a non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) designed to manage heart failure, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes. Heart failure and CKD frequently co-exist, and the combination poses a particularly high cardi [....] » Read More
The term post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCCS) has been used variably to describe cardiogenic shock from 0 to 48 hours after separation from cardiopulmonary bypass. The incidence of PCCS is commonly reported to be 1% to 1.4% of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. PCCS [....] » Read More
Atherosclerosis has a long preclinical phase and the risk of cardiovascular events may be high in patients in the asymptomatic stage of the disease (subclinical atherosclerosis, SA). The presence of classical risk factors increases the likelihood of developing cardiovascular even [....] » Read More
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The primary prevention of CVD is dependent upon the ability to identify high-risk individuals long before the development of overt events. This highlights the need for accurate risk stratificatio [....] » Read More
Background: Left ventricular systolic function is not well-characterized in patients with low high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) evaluated in the Emergency Department (ED). Methods: A stepped-wedge randomized trial conducted from July 2020 to March 2021, involved pa [....] » Read More
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death globally, with its pathogenesis intricately linked to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Emerging evidence from the field of nutrigenomics—the study of gene–nutrient interactio [....] » Read More
Introduction: Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia, and its incidence and prevalence are growing in the United States and worldwide. Catheter ablation was successful in decreasing recurrence of AF by 48% and symptomatic AF by 51% compared with drug the [....] » Read More
Cardiac conduction has long been understood through classical ionic paradigms, but emerging evidence suggests an intrinsic vibroquantum myoenergetic lattice operating beyond conventional electrophysiology. This study investigates metaharmonic vibrational cardiogenesis (MVC)&mdash [....] » Read More
Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in young adults is uncommon and often driven by nontraditional risk factors, such as inherited thrombophilias and exogenous hormone use. This case report describes a 27-year-old Middle Eastern male who presented with acute inferior [....] » Read More
Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as cognitive impairment (CI). The interplay between AF and CI is complex, involving various pathophysiological changes and numerous risk [....] » Read More
The stiffening of arteries has been widely recognized as a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases and all cause mortality. Arterial stiffening has significant association with arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis development. In spite of the world-wide recognition, arterial [....] » Read More
Aim: Timing of pulmonary valve intervention (PVI) for pulmonary regurgitation is guided by right ventricle (RV) volumetric/function assessment on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF). RV volumes are conventionally indexed to ac [....] » Read More
Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, is driven by high blood cholesterol levels and chronic inflammation. The disruption of the hepatic interaction between Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 (PCSK9) and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR) downr [....] » Read More
Introduccion: Diabetes is a major comorbidity for heart failure and is more common than myocardial infarction with an increased risk of more than 50% in cardiovascular disease. Recently, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) has been shown to be associated with the [....] » Read More
Chronic pain is associated with the leading cause of disability in the world, just as cardiovascular diseases represent the highest incidence of death in the world. Both pathologies generate a high demand for health services and represent a high global population risk. In previou [....] » Read More
Giant left atrium (GLA) is a rare but severe manifestation of chronic mitral valve disease and is strongly associated with complications such as atrial fibrillation, thromboembolism, and progressive heart failure. We present the case of a 50-year-old male with decompensated heart [....] » Read More
Aim of the study: The study is aimed to clear the cycle effect of fear or anxiety and calm or reassurance on electrocardiographic ST-segment depression in patients present with angina with possible coronary artery spasms. Background: Anxiety and fear have undoubted hazardous e [....] » Read More
This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the one-year outcomes of anterior-posterior (AP) and anterior-lateral (AL) methods of cardioversion for atrial fibrillation (AF). A total of 2168 patients were included, with 1125 patients in the AP cardioversion group (Group 1) an [....] » Read More
Purpose: Transgenders are the most neglected population in South Asia especially in Pakistan. Before 2018 they do not have any rights and privileges. The first study was planned to investigate the effects of high-intensity circuit training on cardiometabolic and cardiorespiratory [....] » Read More
Background: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the most common valvular heart diseases, affecting approximately 2–3% of the general population and rising to around 10% in individuals over 75 years. Surgical mitral valve (MV) intervention can markedly improve outcomes in se [....] » Read More
Background: This study aimed to examine the longitudinal association between the triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) index and memory-related diseases (MDs) among Chinese adults. Methods: Data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CH [....] » Read More
Cardiac rhabdomyoma is a hamartoma comprised of cardiac myocytes. It is most commonly diagnosed in infancy, 70 to 90% of whom have TSC (Tuberous sclerosis complex). It usually shows spontaneous regression within the first two years of life and hence is extremely rare in adults. I [....] » Read More
Background: Cardiovascular disease risk assessment tools are algorithms used to predict an individual’s chance of developing a cardiovascular disease within a specific period. It has been shown that awareness of one’s risk of developing a particular disease often resu [....] » Read More
Background: While hyperthyroidism and atrial fibrillation has been extensively studied, in patients with atrial fibrillation, much remains unexplored regarding the presence of concurrent subclinical hypothyroidism and in-hospital outcomes. We will explore the national inpatient s [....] » Read More
Introduction: Constrictive pericarditis is a rare disease where calcification of the pericardium leads to restricted diastolic filling of the heart. Due to its non-specific symptoms, such as dyspnea with exertion, peripheral edema, and chest discomfort, it can mimic many primary [....] » Read More
Background: Heart failure education is crucial for improving patient outcomes, yet barriers persist due to varying levels of health literacy. Patients with lower literacy often struggle with understanding complex medical concepts, impairing medication adherence and disease m [....] » Read More
Introduction: Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X- linked disorder caused by the mutation in α-galactosidase A gene. End-stage cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death among these patients. Heart transplant (HT) emerges as a viable therapeutic option when enzyme replacement [....] » Read More
Introduction: Heart Failure (HF) affects more than 64 million people worldwide and has a significant effect on morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Sodium glucose co-transporter- 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) are known to reduce cardiovascular deaths and hospitalizations due to HF [....] » Read More
This case describes a thirty-five year old male with past medical history of untreated hypertension for ten years was referred to the emergency department by his naturopathic primary doctor after an outpatient high sensitivity troponin test was found to be elevated in 130s. The p [....] » Read More
Background: Sinus tachycardia is the most common arrhythmia associated with acute pericarditis due to increased sympathetic drive from pain and inflammation. However, sinus bradycardia is rarely reported in association with pericarditis. An uncommon finding in this situation is b [....] » Read More
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone widely misused to enhance athletic performance and physical appearance. While their benefits are well-known, their adverse effects particularly on the cardiovascular system are often underrecognized. Thi [....] » Read More
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a rare complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection resulting in severe delayed systemic hyperinflammatory disease. The criteria for MIS-C is patient age < 21, fever with evidence of significant inflammation and multiple organ i [....] » Read More
The burgeoning field of cardio-oncology addresses the dual challenge of optimizing cancer treatment efficacy while mitigating cardiovascular toxicity - a critical concern as cancer survivorship rates rise. Recent theranostic advances, which synergize diagnostic precision and ther [....] » Read More
Introduction: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an established therapy for severe aortic stenosis, but acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a frequent and serious complication. Early identification of high-risk patients may enable targeted renal-protection strategies [....] » Read More
Spironolactone belongs to the second class of the bio pharmacy classification system (BCS). All of the drugs, which are classified in this group, suffer from the solubility as the major problem. For this reason, application of any different technique which increases the solubilit [....] » Read More
Title : Novel important cellular responses, signaling mechanisms and therapeutic options for pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure
Yong Xiao Wang, Albany Medical Center, United States
As a common and devastating lung disease, pulmonary hypertension (PH) has a significant rate of both morbidity and death mortality. The current primary interventions for this disease are to use non-specific vasodilators, but patients do not always respond well to these non-specif [....] » Read More
Title : The past, present and future of AI in cardiology
Narendra Kumar, HeartbeatsZ Academy, United Kingdom
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming cardiovascular medicine by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, treatment selection, and patient outcomes. Machine learning algorithms now analyse complex cardiac imaging with superhuman precision, detecting subtle patterns in echocardiogram [....] » Read More
Title : The development of human relaxin-2 for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF
Thomas Bernd Dschietzig, Relaxera GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
Human relaxin-2 (hRlx-2) is a hormone of pregnancy that has engendered a great deal of interest as a therapy for various cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, among them Acute Heart Failure and Systemic Scleroderma. Here, we propose and summarize data showing that Rlx-2 repre [....] » Read More
Title : Ex-situ organ perfusion and cardiac performance improvement
Y J H J Taverne, Erasmus University Medical Center, Netherlands
Cardiac transplantation remains the golden standard for patients with end-stage heart failure when therapeutic approaches and interventions fail to reverse HF progression. Traditionally, hearts are transplanted from brain-death (DBD) donors where the heart is beating at time of p [....] » Read More
Title : Personalized and Precision Medicine (PPM) as a unique healthcare model through biodesign-driven and inspired biotech, translational applications and cardiology-related marketing to secure the human healthcare, wellness and biosafety
Sergey Suchkov, N. D. Zelinskii Institute for Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
A new systems approach to diseased states and wellness result in a new branch in the healthcare services, namely, Personalized and Precision Medicine (PPM). To achieve the implementation of PPM concept, it is necessary to create a fundamentally new strategy based upon the recogni [....] » Read More
Title : Use of mitochondrial ROS inhibitor to protect coronary microvascular/endothelial function
Jun Feng, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States
Cardioplegic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), hypoxia/re-oxygenation (H/R) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are associated with increased oxidative stress which contribute to coronary microvascular/endothelial dysfunction. Mitochondrial reactive oxidative species (mROS), a major source of R [....] » Read More
Title : Heart of stone: A rare case of incidentally detected endocardial calcification
Vaibhav Sharma, St. Louis Heart and Vascular, United States
Background: Endocardial calcification is a rare cardiac condition with limited documented cases, particularly in non-tropical regions. This case report explores an unusual presentation of incidental endomyocardial calcification in a patient without typical predisposing systemic d [....] » Read More
Title : Green alert: Myocardial infarction triggered by marijuana use
Vaibhav Sharma, St. Louis Heart and Vascular, United States
Background: The cardiovascular implications of marijuana use have gained increasing attention in recent medical literature. While chronic cannabis consumption has been linked to various cardiovascular events, comprehensive documentation of acute myocardial infarction in young adu [....] » Read More
Title : Myocarditis in desmoplakin cardiomyopathy: A misdiagnosed entity or a distinct phenotype?
Natasha Ghalib, Case Western Reserve University, United States
Background: Desmoplakin (DSP) cardiomyopathy is a distinct form of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), often presenting with left-dominant or biventricular involvement. A subset of these patients exhibits a myocarditis-like phenotype, characterized by acute chest pain, troponin [....] » Read More
Title : Minimal invasive pediatric and adult congenital cardiac surgery
Y J H J Taverne, Erasmus University Medical Center, Netherlands
Full midline sternotomy remains the most common incision to correct congenital cardiac defects. Although many minimal invasive programs exist for the adult population worldwide, only a few centers have adopted such a program for the pediatric population. The rise of novel interve [....] » Read More
Title : The promising future of the unique translational tool to manage self-renewal of cardiac cells and to support regeneration in the post-infarction period
Sergey Suchkov, N. D. Zelinskii Institute for Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
The approaches securing cardiac regeneration in post-infarction period are not available to be practiced. The key problem is the identity of cells be born to generate functionally active cardiac myocytes replenishing those being lost during ischemia. With identification of reside [....] » Read More
Title : Multiple cerebral infarcts caused by left ventricular thrombus: A multidisciplinary challenge
Sara Ismail Abdelhalim Ismail, Al-Sabah Hospital-Medical, Kuwait
Introduction: Left ventricular (LV) thrombus accounts for up to 10% of cardioembolic strokes. It is frequently observed in patients with a history of myocardial infarction, particularly those with anterior STEMI, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), non-ischemic car [....] » Read More
Title : Cardiac channelopathies – Silent threat to sudden cardiac death
Salla Surya Prakasa Rao, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, India
Sudden Death refers to the death of an individual within 24 hrs after being seen alive and in a normal state of health. The currently identified Channelopathies known to cause syncope and sudden death include Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), Short QT Syndrome (SQTS), Brugada Syndrome (Br [....] » Read More
Title : A rare and fatal complication of dengue fever: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
Umar Badshah, Saidu Teaching Hospital, Pakistan
Dengue fever, a tropical disease characterized by fever, haemorrhagic manifestations, and organ impairment, can have rare and fatal complications. We report a case of spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), a rare but potentially fatal complication of Dengue fever. We repo [....] » Read More
Title : Resource utilization and outcomes in surgical turndown patients undergoing either orbital or rotational atherectomy
Hassan Saleh, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital / Weill Cornell Medical Center, United States
Patients with surgical anatomy turned down for coronary artery bypass surgery often have complex disease and high-risk features. We identified all patients who underwent either orbital (OA) or rotational atherectomy (RA) at our institution between January 2021 and December 2024, [....] » Read More
Title : Seizure-like episode unmasking torsade’s de pointes: A rare presentation of an arrhythmic emergency
Kanchan Kanchan, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, United Kingdom
We present the case of a 40-year-old male who experienced a seizure-like episode, later diagnosed as torsade's de pointes (TDP), highlighting the diagnostic and management challenges of this atypical presentation. The episode characterized by generalized shaking without tongu [....] » Read More
Title : Correlation of troponin and homocysteine levels with coronary artery disease in patients on hemodialysis - A preliminary study
Sofra Maria, Aretaieion University Hospital, Greece
Background and Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the association of troponin and homocysteine levels with coronary artery disease and the cardiovascular risk in patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD). Methods: 50 patients on HD > 6 months (mean duration 3 [....] » Read More
Title : Correlation of homocysteine levels with lipid profile and coronary artery disease in patients with chronic kidney disease under hemodialysis - Preliminary findings
Sofra Maria, Aretaieion University Hospital, Greece
Background and Aims: Patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease (ESRD) exhibit disturbances in protein and amino acid metabolism and elevated homocysteine levels. The latter has been implicated as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events in these patients. The aim [....] » Read More
Title : Left atrioventricular coupling index as a novel prognostic marker of adverse events in heart transplant patients
Chun Wu, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
Purpose: Decreased diastolic(DD) function may be one of the early manifestations of acute rejection after heart transplantation. Left atrioventricular coupling index (LACl) is associated with DD severity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the novel prognostic value of [....] » Read More
Title : Caught in a red and blue squeeze: A plaque-free coronary crisis
Zoya Khan, Lakeland Regional Health, United States
Introduction: Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery (RCA) is a rare congenital condition, accounting for less than 1% of coronary anomalies. While many patients are asymptomatic, the anomalous course can lead to myocardial ischemia through external compression rather than [....] » Read More
Title : Hidradenitis suppurativa in cardiac transplant recipients: Implications of immunosuppression on disease activity and clinical outcomes
Natasha Ghalib, Case Western Reserve University, United States
Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease affecting apocrine gland-bearing regions and characterized by painful nodules, abscesses, and sinus tract formation. Although traditionally considered a dermatologic condition, emerging ev [....] » Read More
Title : Epoprostenol infusion in pulmonary hypertension: A case of mechanical complication and management
Ali Elshamy, Northampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
Introduction: Pulmonary hypertension is a chronic progressive disease characterized by raised pulmonary vascular resistance ultimately leading to right sided heart failure. Amongst the current available options for treatment, Epoprostenol has been widely proven to improve sy [....] » Read More
Title : Changes on sleep quality after treatment of mandibular advance device for sleep apnea: 24-hour holter-based cardiopulmonary coupling analysis
Jin Oh Na, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea, Republic of
Background: The purpose of this study is to report the treatment effects of mandibular advance device (MAD) on patients with sleep apnea based on cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC) analysis. Method: Patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea were enrolled in a prospect [....] » Read More
Title : Transient ST-elevation MI diagnosed by holter monitoring
Nabihah Hussaini, University Hospital Lewisham, United Kingdom
Presentation: A 54-year-old woman was referred with an 8-week history of pressure sensations over the chest and epigastrium unrelated to exertion. She presented to the Emergency Department 4 weeks prior but self-discharged against medical advice due to the long wait time. Diag [....] » Read More
Title : Evaluation of echocardiography appropriateness in acute medical unit: A retrospective cohort study
Ahmad Zainal Mazlam, St James's Hospital, Ireland
Background: Echocardiography is a widely used diagnostic tool in Acute Medical Units (AMUs), but its inappropriate use can strain healthcare resources. The Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) for echocardiography, developed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American [....] » Read More